A raft of recent commentaries has called for the “decolonization of Global Health.” “Global Health” commentators concerned with medical education, practice, research and governance would appear to agree that the status quo is grossly inequitable. They suggest that embedded power asymmetries rooted in the colonial past persist and that they are a major barrier to reducing inequity. A range of actions has been suggested as steps toward addressing these power imbalances such as ensuring funding panels are more representative and distributing the majority of resources and leadership roles, toward the affected geographies and communities. In this manuscript, we share our view on what both “decolonization” and “Global Health” might mean, and outline some key actions to combat racism in health research and practice.

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The genus Mycobacterium contains more than 190 species, including several major human pathogens as well as numerous environmental species. With so much advances in molecular methods, the transmission of huge number of mycobacteria called nontuberculosis mycobacterium (NTM) is still under a question. Till date, the majority of work have been focused on tuberculosis (TB) complex mycobacteria, the knowledge of human-to-human, environmental, animal-to-human transmission, and vice versa susceptibility, and most of their NTM genomic structures have been ignored, especially in limited-resource countries. For example, in Iran, there are currently 423 public laboratories for direct smear microscopy (DSM) and 42 laboratories for mycobacterial cultures, and 9 diagnostic centers for susceptibility and identification of TB complex from NTM species. Only National TB Reference Laboratory in Iran is capable of identifying subspecies of NTMs and preforms second-line drug resistant. Furthermore, there are some governmental centers such as Pasteur and Razi Institutes that are capable to detect TB and NTM species within the country. Due to the importance of these opportunistic microorganisms that caused pulmonary and extrapulmonary infections, the need for specialized personnel in this field seems to be necessary. Due to the weakness of governing bodies to educate personals in the TB laboratories, it is essential to have an academic degree as a “Master of Science (MSc)” in medical universities to educate skilled academic individuals in this particular field. As a consequence, we can expect to use the updated identification methods and perform research in various fields of NTMs. With no doubt, this course will help to recognize the related diseases and improve the overall public health problems because Mycobacterium species are no longer considered to be a narrow group of microorganisms.

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Epidemiological tracking of infectious diseases is important to help determine the source and routes of transmission of the causal agent, whether this be a virus, bacterium, fungus, or parasite. This can be complicated due to the diagnostic typing tools employed and the terminologies used can be unfamiliar to the nonspecialist, who needs to be able to understand the terms used. Therefore, we have developed an up-to-date glossary of 95 related epidemiological terms from peer-reviewed publications to help in the understanding of these terms, particularly with a nonspecialist audience.

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Berberis aristata (BA) is a traditional herbal ayurvedic medicine widely used from ancient time and has various therapeutic effect. In this review, we had tried to emphasize on its pharmacognistic as well phytochemical parameters. We had aiming to focus on estimation of berberin in extract using different analytical techniques such as high-performance liquid chromatography, high-performance thin-layer chromatography from various parts of BA plant. It contains different isoquinoline alkaloids, namely berberine, palmitine, berbamine which are contributing in the pharmacological action of BA. As it has various pharmacological actions such as anti-bacterial, anti-diarrheal, anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic, and anti-hemorrhagic. Along with that, it is also a potential anticancer agent as its methanolic extract showed potent activity against different cell lines such as breast cancer, colon cancer, cervical cancer cell lines. In this review, we had emphasized on phamacognosy, phytochemistry, and analysis for berberine content of BA along with its anticancer potential. A brief spotlight had also given on anticancer prospective of berberine.

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Today, tuberculosis (TB) kills one person in 14 s in India and one in 12 s, worldwide (that comes to approximate 4000 people per day). The majority of cases are invisible because they are either confined in sanatoria and/or do not encumber regular hospitalization, in contrast to SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemy has put in glaring light the fragility of the elders, the minorities, and the exposure of the healthcare agents that was similar to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. The mayhem of coronavirus might be repeated itself with the foreseen rise of TB, that would affect the healthcare system resemble much of what occurred during the last 3 years (2019-till date). We must keep in mind that currently TB is neglected and that it might expand again, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In this review, the past and further perspective of Bacille Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccination is described. In addition, the tuberculin skin-testing which has a complex and long story was reviewed. Furthermore, the effect and side-effect of BCG vaccination compared and discussed.

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The last decade has witnessed an unprecedented arrival and introduction of several new innovations in the treatment and management of cystic fibrosis (CF), all for the benefit of people with CF (PwCF). Such innovations have been largely led by the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulator medicines, which have also been accompanied by new antibiotics, nutritional formulations, as well as advances in the delivery of medicine through nebulization. Many of these have had an influence on the microbiology of the CF lung and the rebalancing of microbial taxa and cell density within the airways. Simultaneously, certain aspects of the new treatments have led to difficulties in PwCF being able to produce sufficient sputum to enable routine microbiological analyses to be performed. Coupled with this, the COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the emergence of the virtual CF clinical, where individuals with CF do not have to physically travel to CF clinic as frequently as before, with the disadvantage of not producing sputum specimens for routine microbiological analyses. This review examines the interaction between CF mutations and CFTR modulators, with particular focus on CF microbiology.

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BACKGROUND: COVID-19 has affected public health and the patients suffering from musculoskeletal pain have little chance to receive medical care to reduce the burden of musculoskeletal pain with no definitive treatment, the need for home remedies is felt more than ever for such patients. This research is presented a new kind of home physiotherapy device by three different therapeutic functions including transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), vibration, and heat to provide patients with remote services. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The conceptual map of the system, including the mechanical, electrical, and software parts, as well as the location and connection of electrical components used in the system, is presented. Then, after programming the device and designing a mobile application layout tree for creating an account, the device is turned on, and therapeutic values are entered into the device. Finally, the results of the initial use are displayed on a mobile phone. RESULTS: In this section, we present several screenshots of the mobile application's screen and a picture of the primary prototype of the device. The first item includes the main menu, which allows the user to enter the application. On first use, the patients will have to register themselves by selecting the “register” option. Another page provides details about the therapeutic methods of TENS, heat, and vibration. CONCLUSION: This system is a cost-and-time-effective strategy and helps physiotherapists to cover more patients at the same time and follow patients' treatment courses through televising.

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Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis (TB). Lupus vulgaris is one of the most common forms of cutaneous TB, which affects 1%–2% of TB patients. Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disease with an unknown origin, and skin involvement is the second most common symptom. Both TB and sarcoidosis are granulomatous diseases. Depending on investigations, it is often hard to distinguish sarcoidosis from TB, especially when serum angiotensin-converting enzyme levels are high in certain cases of TB with negative acid-fast staining in the biopsy specimen. This is a report of two patients where there was trouble distinguishing between sarcoidosis and TB based on laboratory reports but was eventually diagnosed with cutaneous TB based on the Mantoux, QuantiFERON-TB Gold test, and histopathological pattern. Anti-TB therapy was administered to those patients, and the skin lesions resolved completely.

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BACKGROUND: Different pharmacological ways for pain and stress control exists, but still, there is space for alternative therapeutic methods and researchers are looking for novel ways to achieve this goal. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of virtual reality (VR) in reducing pain and stress during minor interventions such as arterial line placement. METHODS: In this study, patients who were candidates for arterial catheter placement before anesthesia induction were selected. Eligible patients were randomly divided into case and control groups. After obtaining consent from both groups and applying local anesthesia, the procedure was performed while displaying a film by VR camera for case group. After the procedure, pain, stress, and satisfaction levels were asked from patients. Pain score was measured by Visual Analog Scale score and during the procedure, vital signs were recorded to detect changes. RESULTS: The results in case and control patients showed that 47.5% of patients in case group and 22.5% of patients in control group had pain (P value = 0.019). Considering stress, respectively, 32.5% and 45% of the patients in the control and case groups reported positive (P = 0.251). Intergroup comparison of vital signs showed no significant difference between the case and control groups. CONCLUSIONS: According to the results, patients in case group experienced more pain and stress in comparison to the control group which shows that using the new technology was not quite acceptable. Therefore, we recommend the patients experience and be familiarized with the new device in normal condition before using it for procedures.

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BACKGROUND: The present work is a computational approach to discover the novel peptides that can interact and inhibit the action of spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 193 numbers probable naturally occurring antiviral peptides were retrieved from the antimicrobial database. The three-dimensional structure of all the peptides was predicted by the Chimera tool followed by energy minimization. Similarly, the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 chain A (PDB ID 6VBY) structure was obtained from the Protein Data Bank (PDB) and used as the receptor. RESULTS: Protein–protein docking was performed for all the peptides followed by some screening criteria that resulted in three numbers of potential peptides such as CAP11 binds to a receptor-binding domain (RBD), mytilin B to S1/S2 cleavage regions, and mBD-1 as N-terminal-binding domain of spike protein. Further screening and evaluation of solubility and the toxic properties of the peptides it was obtained that the peptide molecules CAP11 and mytilin B are nontoxic. Further, the RBD-binding nature of CAP11 peptide was evaluated comparatively by taking the human ACE2 protein and RBD region of the wild-type SARS-CoV-2, triple mutant, South African mutant (B.1.351), by using molecular docking followed by interface analysis. It was predicted that the CAP11 peptide was able to bind perfectly with the RBD domain of both wild type and triple mutant one but not to the South African mutant.

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Leprosy, a chronic human disease with potentially debilitating neurological consequences, results from infection with Mycobacterium leprae, which is still a major health problem in several countries of Asia, Latin America, and Africa. With the mass campaigns, using multidrug therapy, the prevalence of leprosy has come down drastically worldwide. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an important consideration in the management of leprosy. Unfortunately, quinolone-resistant strains of Mycobacterium leprae have also been reported in several countries, probably due to the extensive use of quinolones for treating several types of infections. To meet the challenge of containing the disease and being able to respond to an increase in circulation of drug-resistant strains, it is essential to assess drug-sensitivity patterns globally, as well as to monitor resistance among both new and retreatment cases. However, these studies highlight the need for increased vigilance to AMR. In this study, we thoroughly reviewed the molecular methods used to detect drug resistance in leprosy. We can infer that our article assessing strategies less complex than multifunction peripheral and genome sequencing are promising choices for the testing of AMR in leprosy patients. Furthermore, our analysis recommends that the extent of safe cases has not essentially expanded in late many years.

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CONTEXT: Due to its climatic and ecological characteristics, Algeria shelters a diverse scorpion fauna and scorpion envenomations represent an actual public health issue. AIMS: The purpose of this retrospective study was to bring word on the trend, spatial distribution, and spatial clustering of scorpion envenomations in Algeria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Moran's I statistic was used to analyse the global spatial autocorrelation and the first order Queen's contiguity rule was used to specify the spatial neighborhood relationship. RESULTS: A total of 1,274,154 scorpion sting accidents including 2347 deaths have been recorded from 1991 to 2020. In 2019, the incidence was 116.7 cases per 100,000 inhabitants, and only 3 of Algeria's 48 provinces were free of scorpion sting accidents. 47% of sting cases occurred in the Sahara, 46% in the high plateaus and 7% in the Tell and all southern provinces had an incidence varying between 162 and 827 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. The incidence rates exhibited spatial autocorrelation globally; all Moran index values ranged between 0.49 and 0.66 and all z-scores were greater than the critical value at 0.05 level of significance. The most significant hot spots were located in the Sahara and the high plateaus and the most significant cold spots were located in the tell. CONCLUSIONS: There is a need to reframe the set objectives and the actions to be carried out taking into account spatial clustering, seasonality, and species spatial distribution. A good management can be achieved by active public participation at all levels of planning, decision-making, implementation, monitoring and evaluation.

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Presenting professional health services after the COVID-19 pandemic age may be recognized with numerous critical features that did not exist in preceding pandemics. The widespread world web and cyberspace, social media, and technologies for providing remote intelligent health services are the most prominent differences between the recent pandemic and previous ones. Most health-care providers in the pandemic era focus more on the technologies needed to set up telehealth but do not pay enough attention to the strategies and challenges ahead. They are more focused on the lucrative health market in the days of the pandemic but do not have appropriate and dynamic strategies for it. This article addresses the strategies, technologies, and challenges facing telehealth and emphasizes the importance and priority of the necessary strategies, prioritizing technology.

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Florasol is an acyclic alcohol of diterpene regularly available in certain aromatic plants' essential oils, such as Lantana radula and Cleome serrata. Florasol is a plant phytochemical phytoconstituent which is extensively spread in nature. Florasol is a branched-chain unsaturated alcohol which is present day in all plants in the form of chlorophyll. Cytotoxic, antibiotic chemotherapy, antidiabetic, anti-hyperalgesic, antimutagenic, anti-teratogenic, anticonvulsant, anti-schistosomal, lipid restriction, antimicrobial, antitumor, anti-scratching behavioral effects, antifungal, anti-inflammatory antispasmodic, anxiolytic, hair growth facilitator, antidepressant, and immune adjuvant have been shown evidence to have florasol as well as its derivatives. Recent investigations with florasol (PYT) demonstrated anxiolytic, metabolism-modulating, cytotoxic, antioxidant, autophagy- and apoptosis-inducing, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, immune-modulating, and antimicrobial effects. The benefit of florasol in the human body is necessary. In reference to technological bases, patent present a wide range of pharmacological and commercial applications such as cosmetics, hypolipidemic, anxiolytic, and antidepressant. Therefore, it is necessary to explore florasol molecules, which present high pharmacological potential from scientific and technological points of view, in search of transference of technologies to generate economical and industrial growth.

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This study aims to reveal a multidisciplinary study on analysis and signal processing on infant crying in the field of engineering and nursing. It is a known fact that babies report all their needs with crying behavior. It is often very difficult for those responsible for the baby to determine the needs of the baby with this crying behavior. It is of great importance for the comfort of the baby that the parents can accurately predict the crying behavior and needs of the babies. For this reason, the analysis of the sound signals produced by babies during crying behavior is an interesting subject in the field of engineering. In the literature, proposed approaches capture the baby's cry signal and extract a unique set of features from this signal using Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients, Linear Predictive Cepstral Coefficients, and pitch. This feature set is used to distinguish between partner signals to recognize the causes of crying. Furthermore, this classification is used to represent different classes of causes of crying, such as hunger, pain, sleep, and discomfort. As a result, in this study, the clinical analysis of infant crying behaviors was examined and optimum solutions were evaluated in terms of engineering. Thus, new approaches have been tried to be brought by analyzing artificial intelligence-based sound analysis systematics.

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The emergence of coronavirus disease 2019, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), greatly affects the health systems and socioeconomic parameters. Post pandemic, the SARS-CoV-2 might activate dormant bacterial infections like Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the long term. The mechanism of tuberculosis (TB) reactivation is still not clear, but it is thought that in healthy individuals, a strong immune response can form granulomatous lesion and prevents the development of active TB, while, in patients with dysregulated immune systems, TB reactivation occurs. Here, we reviewed the current knowledge about the interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and TB as an unwavering health hazard.

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BACKGROUND: Nucleic acid aptamers hold great promise in diagnostic and therapeutic applications for a wide range of diseases due to their analog feature to antibodies. Despite the utility of systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) method for aptamer determination, complementarity in silico aptamer design is highly sought after to facilitate virtual screening and increased understanding of important aptamer–protein interactions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We previously obtained aptamers against programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) through SELEX: P12, P32, and P33. In the present work, structure prediction and binding mode of these aptamers to PD-L1 were evaluated using mFold and DNA sequence to structure (IIT Delhi) for two-dimensional and three-dimensional structure prediction, respectively, and PatchDock for docking. PD-L1 model protein 5N2F was used as the target protein. Docking was performed and analyzed based on three aspects: shape complementarity score, binding affinity, and interactions with aptamer. RESULTS: All three aptamers combine steadily with 5N2F protein through strong hydrogen (polar bonds), hydrophobic interactions (nonpolar bonds), and π-cation interactions, which can be accessed through a fully automated protein–ligand interaction profiler. CONCLUSIONS: Molecular docking experiments indicated the feasibility of using in silico technique to select aptamers that can function as antibodies analog.

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BACKGROUND: Asthma, a major public health issue, is one of the most common diseases affecting millions of population globally. It is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by increased airway inflammation and hyper-responsiveness. Vitamin D deficiency has become a global public health concern. Vitamin D is of particular interest in asthma due to its immunomodulatory effects. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency is found to be a risk factor in the development of serious chronic diseases where inflammatory mechanisms play a role in the pathogenesis. Several researches have reported positive associations between Vitamin D and asthma. On the other hand, others have reported contrasting effects of Vitamin D on asthma. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to determine whether asthmatic patients attending Kerbala teaching hospital for pediatrics have Vitamin D deficiency or not. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a case–control study, patients with asthma and healthy volunteers between the ages 1 and 14 years were enrolled into the study as patient and control groups, respectively. Fifty patients with asthma and 66 healthy children were included. For both groups, demographic information and body mass index were recorded. We measured 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in serum collected from all 116 children. For asthmatic patients, clinical findings were recorded and total Immunoglobulin E (IgE) were determined for all patients. RESULTS: Fifty patients with asthma and 66 healthy children were included. Compared to the control group, decreased serum Vitamin D levels were significantly detected in patient group. Forty six (92%) of asthmatic patients have were Vitamin D insufficient, as defined by a level of 30 ng/mL or less 25-hydroxyvitamin D. In compare to the control group, forty six (69.7%) have Vitamin D insufficiency (odds ratio = 5, P < 0.001). No significant correlation was found between Vitamin D levels and age, gender, obesity, sun exposure, and dietary intake in asthmatic patients. CONCLUSION: The frequency of Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency was higher in children with asthma, compared to the controls.

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Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder in which Activities of Daily Living (ADL) are hampered and steep decline in gross cognitive function is observed, in the early stage of life. AD is characterized by progressive loss and damage to the structure and/or function of neuronal cell, resulting in death of neurons, however, etiology and pathophysiology of the disease are not known in its entirety. The purpose of this article is to understand, analyze, evaluate, and synthesize information in order to provide conclusive, decisive, and actionable information on (1) microscopic features and known etiology, pathophysiology, genes involved, and protein misfolding observed in AD; (2) selection and use of prominent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) modalities and allied biomarkers to detect and diagnose AD by application of AI techniques; (3) role of preventive intervention (diet and lifestyle) in reducing risk of developing AD, to act on modifiable and correctable risk factors of AD, to manage AD and treatment strategies of AD through the use of pharmacology and therapeutic drugs. Deep learning-based techniques have proven capabilities to learn features automatically to discriminate class effectively. We proposed a method that incorporates features (biomarkers) derived from the structural MRI modality, clinical assessment tools, and personal and demographic quantifiable parameters into a convolution neural network. and further boosted the ensemble-based learning algorithm to improve prediction accuracy. An ensemble-based learning algorithm is then used to integrate weights to improve prediction accuracy.

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BACKGROUND: The distribution coefficient (Log D) can predict the solubility of a compound at a particular pH. In identifying lead compounds, Log D is helpful to predict the behavior, permeability, and clearance of a compound in the different organs. AIM AND OBJECTIVE: This study examined the ability of Log D to discriminate cancer tissues from non-cancer tissues using the predicted Log D of various clinically approved anticancer drugs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We collected the information on the different anticancer drugs for breast, liver, kidney, lung small, lung non-small, prostate, and bone cancer from the National Cancer Institute. We predicted their Log D values at different pH of their respective tissues. RESULTS: Results show that only the Log D values of breast and lung non-small cancer drugs in the cancer tissues were significantly different (p<0.05) from the Log D of the non-cancer tissue counterpart. Moreover, the Log D value of the normal and bone cancer tissues is significantly different (p<0.05) from the different normal and cancer tissues evaluated. Furthermore, the Log D values of small lung cancer tissues are significantly different (p<0.05) from normal and kidney cancer tissues, normal and liver cancer tissues, and normal non-small and lung cancer tissues. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that drugs that may be permeable in breast and lung non-small cancer tissues may not be permeable in their normal tissue counterpart. Additionally, bone and lung small cancer drugs may have low permeability with other tissues, indicating that the unintended effects may be low. However, since there is a low permeability in other organs, it may not be a good candidate for drug repurposing. These findings are yet inconclusive; hence, further investigation is needed to verify the results of this investigation.

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BACKGROUND: Undergraduate involvement in research necessitates better understanding of their potential, as well as the anticipated barriers they will face. The objective of this study was to assess medical undergraduates' knowledge, attitudes, and research barriers. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study conducted on medical students from the University of Tripoli, Libya, where a self-administered questionnaire was used to evaluate the students' knowledge, attitudes, and perceived barriers. Filled questionnaires were received from the medical undergraduates of different faculties of medical specialties. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: A total of completed questionnaires were received from 120 undergraduate medical students. The overall result of knowledge among them was encouragingly good (51%). Majority of the students taught that the main barriers in conducting research were lack of awareness (71.7%), lack of self-interest (56.7%), lack of faculty encouragement for research (84.2%), insufficient time (59.2%), and difficulty in obtaining resources and data for research (68.3%). CONCLUSION: Participants in the current study showed a moderate knowledge level with associated positive attitudes toward research. This attitude needs to be transformed into better knowledge and appropriate practice.

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BACKGROUND: Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) mediates metabolic changes and chronic stress. Allostatic load (AL) is an imbalance between repetitive exposure to stress and adaptive response. This study examined the association between FGF21 and the presence of AL among industrial workers. METHODS: The study is cross-sectional and observational. Parameters data were collected from 169 male industrial workers. AL was assessed using neuroendocrine (cortisol and Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate), cardiovascular (systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate), metabolic (total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol), and anthropometric (waist-hip ratio and body mass index) measurements. Serum FGF21 was analyzed using the ELISA method. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. RESULTS: The results of the study showed that 43.2% and 56.8% of workers had low and high AL, respectively. Serum (natural logarithm) Ln-FGF21 was significantly elevated in workers with high AL when compared to moderate and low AL. The association between serum FGF21 and AL was analyzed using the linear regression model. The model indicated that age (β = 0.143, P = 0.038) and serum FGF21 (β = 0.162, P = 0.045) were significantly associated with AL. In high AL condition, the receiver operating characteristic area under the curve for Ln-FGF21: 0.656 (95% confidence interval: 0.570–0.742, P = 0.001) was found to be higher as compared to moderate and low AL. CONCLUSIONS: FGF21 was significantly increased in high AL conditions when compared to low and moderate AL among workers. Therefore, we recommended that FGF21 could be used as a potential biomarker to screen and protect strategy against high AL.

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BACKGROUND: ABO blood grouping is now regarded as one of the most important immunological tests to do before numerous treatments, including clinical blood transfusion operations. The purpose of this study was to record the different blood types among the people of southern Babylon, Iraq, and compare the findings for males and females. METHODS: A total of 10,570 subjects, of which 6643 were females, and 3927 were males, were involved in this study from February 2, 2022, to June 1, 2022. The antigen-antibody agglutination test was used to determine blood type and Rh factor. For both males and females, the frequency of each kind was determined. RESULTS: The blood group O was the most common among the investigated population in all areas and among both sexes, followed by blood groups B and A, with the B group somewhat higher among females and the A slightly higher among men. The AB blood group was the least common of the four. Blood type B was prevalent in females (26.97%) compared to males (24.41%). Whereas blood type A was more prevalent in males (24.59%) compared to females (24.12%). CONCLUSIONS: Positive Rh+ (antigen D) was observed in 9492 (89.8%) of all participants, whereas Rh negative in 1078 (10.2%). Prevalence of blood O positive was more predominant in females than in males (40.77% and 28.69%, respectively). Group AB positive was more predominant in males than in females (14.8% and 7.48%, respectively).

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